Referencing


(based on the Harvard referencing system)

This guide has been developed for two purposes: The first section outlines the structure of individual references for different kinds of resources. The second section provides an example of a completed reference list as it would appear at the end of an assignment. A reference list should be attached to every research assignment for the following reasons:

• It acknowledges the sources that have been used. If this is not done you could be accused of plagiarism (copying).
• It indicates how extensive or in depth your research has been. Using more than one or two resources can assist in avoiding bias in your research.
• It allows readers to follow up your ideas.
• It indicates how up-to-date your sources of information are. This would be of importance to current issues assignments.                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                 Structure of individual references

Note: The title of a resource must be underlined if it is handwritten or italicised if typed.

If a second line is required for a reference then indent it by five spaces. If you cannot find some of the required information then check with library staff.

BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR 
Chess for Beginners (1999) Lawson Books, Sydney: 42.

BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR 
Harker, J.(1990) Ancient Egypt. Collins, London: 14.

BOOK WITH TWO AUTHORS 
Omri, B. and Summers, V. (1985) Plants and Animals. Arrow Books, Melbourne:
      20-21.

BOOK WITH MORE THAN TWO AUTHORS 
Holt, D. and others (1979) Planet Earth. Viking, Adelaide: 26.

BOOK WITH AN EDITOR 
Johnson, P. (Ed.) (1988) Water Pollution in Western Australia. Fremantle Arts Press,
      Fremantle: 8-9.

CD-ROM 
Africa (1994) In Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia [CD-ROM] Microsoft,
      Redmond, Washington.

EMAIL 
Condren, B. (1999) Disadvantages of Plastics. Email to S. Sampson [on-line]
      Location: condrenb@oustanm.com.au [1999, Feb. 8]

ENCYCLOPEDIA ENTRY 
Chocolate (1982) In The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol.3. World Book Inc., Chicago:
      1042-1043.

INFORMATION ACCESSED THROUGH INTERNET 
Prizker, T. (no date) An Early Fragment from Central Nepal [on-line] Location:
      http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritker.html [2000, Dec. 12]

Spain (2000) The World Factbook 2000 [on-line] Location:
      http://www.odci.gov/cia/publication/factbook/geos.sp.htm [2001, Nov. 15]

Top tips mean big savings for sheep farmers (1997) CSIRO media release 97/225
      [on-line] Location:
      http://www.csiro.au/communication/mediarel/mr1997/mr97225.htm [2001, Jun. 7]

INTERVIEW 
Smith, R. (1993) Telephone interview. Aug. 20

MAGAZINE ARTICLE - AUTHORS KNOWN 
Ward, D. and Sneeuwjagt, R. (1999) Believing the Balga. Landscope . Autumn: 10-16

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - AUTHORS KNOWN 
Stein, T. and Fitzpatrick, C. (1994) Local prices leave bad taste. The West Australian.
      Jul. 23:3.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - NO AUTHOR 
Copters made the drop (2000) Advertiser. Jan. 24: 5.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE - FROM CURRENT SOCIAL/ ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 
McCathie, A. (2001) Mad cow disease sends Germany organic. Australian Financial
      Review in Current Environmental Issues. Feb. 5: 8.

PAMPHLETS - AUTHOR, DATE AND PLACE UNKNOWN 
Diamonds. [pamphlet] (no date) Communications Branch, Department of Mines
      Western Australia, (no place).

PAMPHLETS - AUTHOR UNKNOWN 
Recycling of Solvent Wastes. [pamphlet] (1990) Environmental Health Branch, Health
      Department of Western Australia, East Perth.

SOUND RECORDINGS (audio cassettes) 
Teale, L. (Speaker) (1976) Bush ballads. [sound recording] Perkins and Ross,
      Sydney.

SUBSCRIBED ON-LINE DATABASES (examples: Electric Library, EBSCOhost)
Milliken, R. (1994) Olympic games: urban rivalry disrupts Sydney plans 
     Independent [on-line] Electric Library Australasia

Nash, J. (1997) Is it El Nino of the century? Time Australia [on-line] EBSCOhost

TELEPHONE INTERVIEW 
Waller, R. (1993) Telephone interview. Aug. 20

VIDEO RECORDINGS 
Baird, T. (Producer) and Asquith, A. (Director) (1986) The Importance of Being Earnest
      [video recording] Rank Video, London.

 

Example of a bibliography

There are four rules to follow when constructing your bibliography.

1. The bibliography should always be listed in alphabetical order.                                                   2.  In the alphabetical sequence do not count 'The' or 'A' at the beginning of titles.                            3.  If a second line is needed for a reference, indent it.                                                                           4.  Leave a one line space between references.                                                                            

Below is an example of how a bibliography should be laid out.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Cartouche of Pharaoh Ramses II [on-line] (1996) Location: http://www.humaities.ccny.cuny.edu/history/q/qwriting/ramtile.htm [2000, Dec. 15]

Clayton, P.A. (1994) Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames and Hudson, London: 146 - 155.

Gore, R. (1991) Ramses the Great. National Geographic. April: 2 - 39.

Lemonick, J. (1995) Secrets of the Lost Tomb. Time. May 29: 56 - 62.

Ramses the Great [on-line] (1997) Location:
      http://www.uk.sis.gov.eg/egyptinf/history/html/ramses.htm [2002, Oct. 15]

Ramses II (1996) In The World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia [CD-ROM] World Book,
      Chicago

Shaw, I. and Nicholson, P. (1995) British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. British
      Museum, London: 240 - 24.